63: Faclan co-cheangailte ri tìr
Litir sheachdaineach do luchd-ionnsachaidh le clàr-fuaime, tar-sgrìobhadh is mìneachadh. A weekly letter to Gaelic learners with audio, transcription and explanation.
Tha an litir ag obrachadh leis an fhaclair. Tagh an taba ‘teacsa Gàidhlig’ agus tagh facal sam bith san teacsa agus fosglaidh am faclair ann an taba ùr agus bidh mìneachadh den fhacal ann. The letter is integrated with the dictionary. Select the tab ‘Gaelic text’ and choose any word and the dictionary will open and you will see the English explanation of the Gaelic word.
Faclan co-cheangailte ri tìr
An t-seachdain ’s a chaidh, dh’innis mi dhuibh mu fhacal Gàidhlig a tha ag atharrachadh a ghnè bho thuiseal gu tuiseal – talamh. Bidh cuimhn’ agaibh gu bheil e fireann anns a’ chuid as motha de shuidheachaidhean, ach boireann anns an tuiseal ghinideach. Agus ma leugh sibh a’ phuing-ghràmair anns a’ Phàipear Bheag neo air an eadar-lìon, bidh cuimhn’ agaibh gu bheil sin fìor mun fhacal cruinne cuideachd.
Tha e inntinneach gu bheil an dà fhacal sin co-cheangailte ri tìr. Agus seallaibh air an fhacal tìr fhèin. Tha a’ chuid as motha de sheann fhaclairean ag innse dhuinn gu bheil e fireann. Agus, gu dearbh, canaidh sinn tìr-mòr airson mainland is chan e tìr-mhòr – anns a’ chuid as motha de dh’àiteachan co-dhiù. Ach ciamar a chanas sinn of the land? Dè an coltas a th’ air an fhacal anns an tuiseal ghinideach?
A rèir cuid mhòr de dh’fhaclairean an latha an-diugh, ’s e na tìre. Canaidh sinn coltas na tìre, mar eisimpleir. Anns an t-suidheachadh sin, tha tìr ag obair mar fhacal boireann. Agus chan e dìreach faclan co-cheangailte ris an talamh a tha ag atharrachadh an gnè mar sin. Air falbh on tìr, tha am facal muir ag atharrachadh a ghnè cuideachd.
Dhomhsa, agus do mhòran eile, tha muir boireann. Airson the sea, canaidh sinn a’ mhuir. Tha a’ mhuir ciùin an-diugh. Anns an tuiseal ghinideach, tha e ag obair ann an dòigh an ìre mhath àbhaisteach; canaidh sinn na mara. “Taigh na mara” – sin soighne a chì sibh air mòran thaighean air taobh siar na Gaidhealtachd. Agus ’s dòcha gun cuala sibh an seanfhacal “A’ taomadh na mara le cliabh” – bailing the sea with a creel. Bha e a’ taomadh na mara le cliabh. Tha sin a’ ciallachadh gu robh e a’ dèanamh obair mhòr, ’s dòcha, ach obair gun fheum. Obair nach tigeadh gu crìch a-chaoidh.
Ann an cuid de dh’àiteachan, leithid ann am pàirtean de Leòdhas, ge-tà, tha muir fireann. Airson the sea, canaidh daoine am muir . Agus airson of the sea, canaidh iad a’ mhara. Agus tha àiteachan ann far a bheil muir ag obair mar a tha talamh. Canaidh daoine am muir mar gu bheil e fireann, ach canaidh iad cuideachd na mara mar gu bheil e boireann anns an tuiseal ghinideach.
Mus fhàg sinn gnè fhaclan, bu mhath leam ur n-aire a thoirt do riaghailt eile a th’ air a briseadh an siud ’s an seo. Mar is trice, ma tha ainmhidh neo duine fireann, bidh am facal air a shon fireann cuideachd, mar eisimpleir, tarbh neo damh neo fear. Agus ma tha e boireann, bidh am facal boireann, leithid bò neo eilid neo bean.
Ach tha cuid de dh’fhaclan ann a bhriseas an riaghailt sin. Bidh sibh eòlach air boireannach mar thà. Tha am facal sin fireann. Agus ged a bhios capall uaireannan a’ ciallachadh “each boireann” agus ged a bhios mart uaireannan a’ ciallachadh “bò”, tha na faclan sin an-còmhnaidh fireann.
Agus tha am facal sgalag an-còmhnaidh a’ ciallachadh “fear a bhios ag obair air tuathanas”. Feumaidh an neach fhèin a bhith fireann. Ach tha am facal boireann. Canaidh sinn “an sgalag bheag” is “làmh na sgalaige bige”. ’S dòcha gum bi cuid agaibh airson faighneachd “carson?”. Carson a tha an cànan mar sin? Uill, leis an fhìrinn innse, chan eil fhios a’m. Agus nan toisichinn air rannsachadh air a sin, tha amharas agam gum biodh e car coltach ri bhith a’ taomadh na mara le cliabh!
Faclan na Litreach: soighne: sign; fireann: masculine; boireann: feminine; tarbh: bull; damh: stag; eilid: hind.
Abairtean na Litreach: mu fhacal Gàidhlig a tha ag atharrachadh a ghnè bho thuiseal gu tuiseal: about a Gaelic word which changes its gender from case to case; boireann anns an tuiseal ghineadach: feminine in the genitive case; a’ chuid as motha de sheann fhaclairean; most old dictionaries; anns an t-suidheachadh sin, tha tìr ag obair mar fhacal boireann: in that situation, tìr works like a feminine word; obair nach tigeadh gu crìch a-chaoidh: work which would never be completed (come to an end); bu mhath leam ur n-aire a thoirt do riaghailt eile:I would like to draw your attention to another rule; an siud ’s an seo: here and there (lit. there and here); làmh na sgalaige bige: the hand of the small servant; nan toisichinn air rannsachadh air a’ chuspair sin: If I were to (would) start on researching that topic; tha amharas agam gum biodh e car coltach ri X: I suspect it would be rather like X.
Puing ghràmair na Litreach: Following on from last week’s grammatical point, muir and tir (like talamh and cruinne) also show gender flexibility. Muir is most commonly feminine (a’ mhuir in the nominative and na mara in the genitive) but it can be masculine in which case it is am muir in the nominative, and a’ mhara in the genitive. But, like talamh, it can also have a masculine form (am muir) in the nominative and still be feminine in the genitive (na mara). Tìr also behaves as a masculine word in some situations (eg tìr-mòr for mainland) but is commonly perceived as feminine (na tìre ) in the genitive. And while animals and persons which are male are generally given words which are of masculine gender, and vice-versa for females, this rule is not without its exceptions. Boireannach (a woman) is a masculine word in all situations. For big woman, we say boireannach mòr, not boireannach mhòr . The same applies to capall and mart which may refer to female horses or cattle. The converse is true of sgalag which means a male agricultural worker or servant. The word is feminine in all situations. [NB In the text I have used “fireann” for masculine and “boireann” for feminine. Some grammarians prefer “fireanta” and “boireanta”, retaining “fireann” for “male” and “boireann” for female, as in people and animals. Both terms are acceptable, although it would be good if Gaelic grammarians would agree on a standard terminology!
Seanfhacal na Litreach: A’ taomadh na mara le cliabh: bailing the sea with a creel. Note that the genitive case of muir is used here because it follows a verbal noun and carries the (definite) article.
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